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Retail Investor Psychology after 2023–25: Meme, FOMO, and the Rise of Responsible Retail

Introduction — quick thesis Retail investing stopped being a sleepy corner of finance. Between social media, zero-fee broking, fractional investing, and macro shocks in 2023–25, retail behavior changed—fast and forever. The era of “throw money at chatter” (meme-fueled pumps) collided with a wave of sophistication: more education, smarter products, and an appetite for alternative income. […]